Margarine amafanana ndi kukoma ndi maonekedwe a batala koma ali ndi zosiyana zingapo.Margarine anapangidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa batala.Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1800, mafuta a batala anali ofala kwambiri pazakudya za anthu omwe ankakhala ndi nthaka, koma anali okwera mtengo kwa omwe sanatero.Louis Napoleon III, mfumu yolingalira za sosholisti ya ku France yapakati pa zaka za zana la 1900, anapereka mphotho kwa aliyense amene angapange cholandirika,
Njira yopitilira-Motani ndiyo njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga morgarine.Ngati mkaka umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko amadzimadzi, umaphatikizidwa ndi mchere ndi emulsifying agent mu chipinda.Emulsifier imagwira ntchito pochepetsa kugwedezeka kwapamtunda pakati pa ma globules amafuta ndi osakaniza amadzimadzi, potero amawathandiza kupanga maubwenzi amankhwala mosavuta.Chotsatira chake ndi chinthu chomwe sichikhala chamadzimadzi chonse kapena cholimba.
njira yotsika mtengo.Hippolyte Mege-Mouriez anapambana mpikisano wa 1869 wa chinthu chomwe adachitcha margarine pambuyo pa chinthu chake chachikulu, margaric acid.Asidi wa margaric anali atangopezeka kumene mu 1813 ndi Michael Eugene Chevreul ndipo adatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku mawu achi Greek oti ngale, margarite, chifukwa cha madontho amkaka omwe Chevreul adawona popanga.Masiku ano amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta kapena kuphatikiza mafuta kudzera mu njira ya hydro-genation, njira yomwe idapangidwa bwino cha m'ma 1910. Njirayi imathandiza kuti mafuta a nyama kapena masamba asungunuke, kapena kusintha kuchokera kuzinthu zamadzi kukhala mafuta amodzi mwa semi- boma lolimba.
Ku US, batala anali kukoma kokondedwa kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo mpaka posachedwapa, margarine anali ndi vuto losawoneka bwino.Gulu lokonzekera bwino la mkaka linachita kampeni yolimbana ndi margarine, kuopa mpikisano wochokera kumakampani a margarine.Cha m'ma 1950, Congress inachotsa misonkho pa mafuta olowa m'malo omwe anali akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.Zomwe zimatchedwa "Margarine Act" zidalengezedwanso pomaliza kufotokozera margarine: "zinthu zonse, zosakaniza ndi zosakaniza zomwe zimafanana ndi batala ndipo zimakhala ndi mafuta odyedwa ndi mafuta ena kupatula mafuta amkaka ngati atapangidwa motsanzira kapena mawonekedwe a batala. "Chimodzi mwazovomerezeka za margarine m'zakudya za Azungu ndi Amereka zinachokera ku chakudya chamagulu panthawi ya nkhondo.Batala anali wosowa, ndipo margarine, kapena oleo, anali wolowa m'malo wabwino kwambiri.Lero, margarine
Kuyambira m'ma 1930, Votator yakhala imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga margarine ku US.Mu Votator, emulsion ya margarine imakhazikika ndipo nthawi zina imagwedezeka kuti ipange margarine wokhazikika.
chakhala choloŵa m'malo mwa mafuta pang'ono ndipo chimapereka mafuta ochepa ndi kolesterolo kuposa batala pamtengo wotsika.
Kupanga Margarine
Margarine amatha kupangidwa kuchokera kumafuta osiyanasiyana a nyama ndipo nthawi ina ankapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a ng'ombe ndipo amatchedwa oleo-margarine.Mosiyana ndi batala, imatha kupakidwa mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza madzi.Ngakhale zitakhala bwanji, margarine ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za boma chifukwa ndi chakudya chomwe akatswiri a boma ndi akatswiri a zakudya amawona kuti amasokonezeka mosavuta ndi batala.Malangizowa amalamula kuti margarine akhale osachepera 80% mafuta, opangidwa kuchokera kumafuta anyama kapena masamba, kapena nthawi zina osakaniza awiriwo.Pafupifupi 17-18.5% ya margarine ndi yamadzimadzi, yochokera ku mkaka wosakanizidwa wa pasteurized, madzi, kapena soya protein fluid.Pang'ono pang'ono (1-3%) ndi mchere womwe umawonjezeredwa kuti ukhale wokoma, koma pofuna thanzi lazakudya margarine amapangidwa ndikulembedwa kuti alibe mchere.Iyenera kukhala ndi mayunitsi osachepera 15,000 (kuchokera ku US Pharmacopeia miyezo) ya vitamini A pa paundi.Zosakaniza zina zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zisungidwe nthawi yayitali.
Kukonzekera
1 Zosakaniza zikafika pamalo opangira margarine, ziyenera kuyesedwa kaye zokonzekera.Mafuta-safflower, chimanga, kapena soya, pakati pa mitundu ina-amathandizidwa ndi yankho la caustic soda kuti achotse zinthu zosafunika zomwe zimadziwika kuti mafuta aulere.Mafutawo amatsukidwa powasakaniza ndi madzi otentha, kuwalekanitsa, ndi kuwasiya kuti aume pansi pa vacuum.Kenako, mafutawo nthawi zina amawathira bulichi ndi kusakaniza dothi lopaka utoto ndi makala m’chipinda china chounikira.Dothi loyera ndi makala amayamwa mitundu yonse yosafunikira, kenako amasefedwa m'mafuta.Kaya ndi madzi otani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga—mkaka, madzi, kapena chinthu chopangidwa ndi soya—iyenso ayenera kukonzekera.Imadutsanso pasteurization kuti ichotse zonyansa, ndipo ngati ufa wowuma wa mkaka ugwiritsidwa ntchito, uyenera kuyang'aniridwa ngati pali mabakiteriya ndi zonyansa zina.
Hydrogenation
2 Mafutawa amapangidwa ndi hydrogenated kuti atsimikizire kusasinthika koyenera kwa margarine, dziko lomwe limatchedwa "pulasitiki" kapena semi-solid.Pochita izi, gasi wa haidrojeni amawonjezeredwa kumafuta pansi pamikhalidwe yopanikizika.Tinthu ta hydrogen timakhala ndi mafutawo, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera kutentha komwe amasungunuka komanso kupangitsa kuti mafutawo asatengeke mosavuta ndi oxidation.
Kuphatikiza zosakaniza
Njira yopititsira patsogolo ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga margarine.Ngati mkaka umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko amadzimadzi, umaphatikizidwa ndi mchere ndi emulsifying agent mu chipinda.The emulsifying agent imaonetsetsa kuti emulsification process - yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndi mankhwala ngati kuyimitsidwa kwa timibulu tating'ono tamadzi amodzi m'madzi achiwiri - kumachitika.Emulsifier imagwira ntchito pochepetsa kugwedezeka kwapamtunda pakati pa ma globules amafuta ndi osakaniza amadzimadzi, potero amawathandiza kupanga maubwenzi amankhwala mosavuta.Chotsatira chake ndi chinthu chomwe sichiri chamadzimadzi chonse kapena cholimba koma chophatikizana ndi ziwiri zomwe zimatchedwa semi-solid.Lecithin, mafuta achilengedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku dzira yolk, soya, kapena chimanga, ndi amodzi mwama emulsification omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga margarine.
3 Poyamba, madzi, mchere, ndi lecithin zimasakanizidwa mu thanki imodzi moyang'anizana ndi chotengera china chokhala ndi mafuta ndi zosakaniza zosungunuka mafuta.Popitiriza kuyenda, zomwe zili m'mabotolo awiriwa zimadyetsedwa nthawi yake mu thanki yachitatu, yomwe imatchedwa kuti emulsification chamber.Pamene kusakaniza kukuchitika, masensa a zipangizo ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito zimasunga kutentha kwa osakaniza pafupi ndi 100 ° F (38 ° C).
Kusokonezeka
4 Kenako, margarine osakanizawo amatumizidwa ku chipangizo chotchedwa Votator, dzina lachida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga margarine ku US.Zakhala zida zodziwika bwino pamsika kuyambira 1930s.Mu Votator, emulsion ya margarine imakhazikika mu zomwe zimatchedwa Chamber A. Chamber A imagawidwa m'machubu atatu omwe amachepetsa kutentha kwake.Pasanathe mphindi ziwiri zosakaniza zafika 45-50 ° F (7-10 ° C).Kenako amaponyedwa m'chikho chachiwiri chotchedwa Chamber B. M'menemo chimakwiyitsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi koma nthawi zambiri chimasiyidwa kuti chikhazikike n'kukhala ngati osalimba.Ngati ikufunika kukwapulidwa kapena kukonzekera kusasinthika kwapadera, chipwirikiticho chimachitika mu Chamber B.
Kuwongolera Kwabwino
Kuwongolera kakhalidwe kabwino ndi nkhani yodziwikiratu m'malo amakono opangira zakudya.Zida zodetsedwa ndi njira zosokonekera zimatha kudzetsa mabakiteriya ambiri omwe angasokoneze m'mimba ngakhalenso miyoyo ya anthu masauzande ambiri m'masiku ochepa chabe.Boma la US, mothandizidwa ndi dipatimenti yazaulimi, limasunga malamulo a ukhondo m'mafakitale amakono opanga ma creameries ndi margarine.Kuyang'ana ndi chindapusa cha zida zosasamalidwa bwino kapena zinthu zodetsedwa zimathandiza kuti makampani azitsatira.
Butter imayikidwa ndi ofufuza a USDA pa creamery.Amayang'ana gulu lililonse, kuliyesa, kulawa, ndikugawira zigoli.Amapereka mfundo zokwana 45 za kukoma, 25 za thupi ndi maonekedwe, 15 mfundo zamtundu, 10 za mchere, ndi 5 za kulongedza.Choncho, batala langwiro la batala likhoza kulandira mapepala a 100, koma kawirikawiri chiwerengero chachikulu chomwe chimaperekedwa ku phukusi ndi 93. Pa 93, batala amagawidwa ndipo amalembedwa Grade AA;gulu lomwe limalandira zigoli pansi pa 90 limaonedwa kuti ndi lotsika.
Malangizo opangira margarine amatsimikizira kuti margarine ali ndi mafuta osachepera 80%.Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ndi masamba osiyanasiyana koma onse ayenera kukhala oyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu.Madzi ake amatha kukhala mkaka, madzi, kapena mapuloteni a soya.Iyenera kukhala pasteurized ndipo imakhala ndi mayunitsi osachepera 15,000 a vitamini A. Angakhalenso ndi cholowa mmalo mwa mchere, zotsekemera, zokometsera mafuta, zotetezera, vitamini D, ndi zopaka utoto.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-17-2021