Margarine: Ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa, kuphika, ndi kuphika.Idapangidwa poyambirira m'malo mwa batala mu 1869 ku France ndi Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarine amapangidwa makamaka ndi hydrogenated kapena woyengedwa zomera mafuta ndi madzi.
Ngakhale batala amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a mkaka, margarine amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a zomera ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi mkaka.M'madera ena amatchedwa "oleo", chidule cha oleomargarine.
Margarine, monga batala, imakhala ndi emulsion yamadzi mumafuta, yokhala ndi timadontho tating'ono tamadzi timene timamwazikana m'gawo lamafuta lomwe limakhala lokhazikika.Margarine imakhala ndi mafuta ochepera 80%, ofanana ndi batala, koma mosiyana ndi batala wochepetsedwa-mafuta amtundu wa margarine amathanso kulembedwa kuti margarine.Margarine angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofalitsa komanso kuphika ndi kuphika.Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chophatikizira muzakudya zina, monga makeke ndi makeke, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake osiyanasiyana.
Njira yopangira margarine masiku ano imakhala ndi emulsifying mafuta a masamba a hydrogenated ndi mkaka wosakanizidwa, kuziziritsa osakaniza kuti alimbitse ndikugwira ntchito kuti asinthe mawonekedwe ake.Mafuta a masamba ndi nyama amaphatikizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosungunuka.Mafuta omwe ali amadzimadzi otentha nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti mafuta.Zomwe zimasungunuka zimagwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa carbon-carbon double bonds mu zigawo za mafuta acids.Kuchuluka kwa ma bond awiri kumapereka malo otsika osungunuka.
Kuthira pang'ono kwa hydrogenation wamafuta am'mera kukhala gawo la margarine.Zambiri za C = C zomangira ziwiri zimachotsedwa panthawiyi, zomwe zimakweza malo osungunuka a mankhwala.
Nthawi zambiri, mafuta achilengedwe amapangidwa ndi hydrogenated podutsa haidrojeni mumafuta pamaso pa chothandizira cha nickel, pansi pamikhalidwe yoyendetsedwa.Kuphatikizika kwa haidrojeni ku zomangira zopanda unsaturated (alkenes double C = C zomangira) kumabweretsa zomangira za CC zodzaza, zomwe zimawonjezera kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndipo motero "kuumitsa".Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za van der Waals pakati pa mamolekyu odzaza poyerekeza ndi ma molekyulu osaturated.Komabe, monga pali ubwino wathanzi pa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta odzaza mu zakudya zaumunthu, ndondomekoyi imayendetsedwa kotero kuti zomangira zokhazokha zimakhala ndi hydrogenated kuti zipereke mawonekedwe ofunikira.
Ma margarine opangidwa motere amati ali ndi mafuta a hydrogenated.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano popanga ma margarine ngakhale njirayo idapangidwa ndipo nthawi zina zopangira zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga palladium.Ngati hydrogenation ili yosakwanira (kuuma pang'ono), kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira ya hydrogenation kumakonda kutembenuza zina za carbon-carbon double bonds kukhala "trans" mawonekedwe.Ngati zomangira izi sizikhala ndi hydrogenated panthawiyi, zidzakhalabebe mu margarine womaliza m'mamolekyu amafuta a trans, omwe amamwa omwe awonetsedwa kuti ndi pachiwopsezo cha matenda amtima.Pachifukwa ichi, mafuta olimba pang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono m'makampani a margarine.Mafuta ena otentha, monga mafuta a kanjedza ndi mafuta a kokonati, mwachibadwa amakhala olimba ndipo safuna hydrogenation.
Margarine wamakono angapangidwe kuchokera ku mafuta aliwonse amitundumitundu kapena amasamba, osakaniza ndi mkaka wosakanizidwa, mchere, ndi zokometsera zokometsera.Mafuta a margarine ndi masamba omwe amapezeka pamsika amatha kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 90% mafuta.Malingana ndi mafuta ake omaliza ndi cholinga chake (kufalitsa, kuphika kapena kuphika), mlingo wa madzi ndi mafuta a masamba ogwiritsidwa ntchito udzasiyana pang'ono.Mafuta amapanikizidwa kuchokera ku mbewu ndikuyengedwa.Kenako amasakanizidwa ndi mafuta olimba.Ngati palibe mafuta olimba omwe amawonjezedwa ku mafuta a masamba, otsirizirawo amakumana ndi ndondomeko ya hydrogenation yokwanira kapena yochepa kuti ikhale yolimba.
Zotsatira zake zimasakanizidwa ndi madzi, citric acid, carotenoids, mavitamini ndi ufa wa mkaka.Ma emulsifiers monga lecithin amathandizira kufalitsa gawo lamadzi mofanana mumafuta onse, ndipo mchere ndi zoteteza zimawonjezeredwanso.Mafuta ndi madzi emulsion ndiye amatenthedwa, kusakanikirana, ndi kuzizira.Ma margarine ocheperako amapangidwa ndi mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated, amadzimadzi ochulukirapo kuposa margarine.
Mitundu itatu ya margarine ndiyofala:
Mafuta a masamba ofewa amafalikira, okhala ndi mafuta ambiri a mono- kapena polyunsaturated, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku safflower, mpendadzuwa, soya, mbewu ya thonje, rapeseed, kapena mafuta a azitona.
Margarine mu botolo kuphika kapena pamwamba mbale
Margarine yolimba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda utoto yophikira kapena kuphika.
Kusakaniza ndi batala.
Ma tebulo ambiri otchuka omwe amagulitsidwa masiku ano ndi osakaniza margarine ndi batala kapena zinthu zina zamkaka.Kusakaniza, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kukoma kwa margarine, kunali kosaloledwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'maiko monga United States ndi Australia.Pansi pa malangizo a European Union, margarine sangathe kutchedwa "batala", ngakhale ambiri a iwo ali ndi batala wachilengedwe.M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ma tebulo opangidwa ndi batala ndi mafuta a margarine amagulitsidwa ngati "osakaniza batala".
Zosakaniza zamafuta tsopano zimapanga gawo lalikulu pamsika wofalikira.Mtundu wakuti “Sindikukhulupirira Kuti Si Mafuta!”zinabala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofananira yomwe imapezeka tsopano pamashelefu amasitolo akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mayina monga "Kukongola Kwa Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", ndi "Butter Believe It".Zosakaniza za batalazi zimapewa zoletsa zolembera, ndi njira zamalonda zomwe zimatanthauza kufanana kwakukulu ndi batala weniweni.Mayina ogulitsa oterowo amapereka mankhwalawa kwa ogula mosiyana ndi zolemba zomwe zimafunikira zomwe zimatcha margarine "mafuta a masamba a hydrogenated pang'ono".
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi
Zokambirana zokhuza thanzi la ma margarine ndi kufalikira zimazungulira mbali ziwiri - kuchuluka kwamafuta, ndi mitundu yamafuta (mafuta okhutitsidwa, mafuta osinthika).Nthawi zambiri, kufananiza pakati pa margarine ndi batala kumaphatikizidwanso munkhaniyi.
Mtengo wa mafuta.
Maudindo a batala ndi margarine achikhalidwe (80% mafuta) ndi ofanana pokhudzana ndi mphamvu zawo, koma margarine otsika kwambiri komanso kufalikira amapezekanso kwambiri.
Mafuta okhuta.
Mafuta a saturated mafuta acids sanagwirizane kwenikweni ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi.Kusintha mafuta a saturated ndi trans unsaturated ndi mafuta a unhydrogenated monounsaturated ndi polyunsaturated ndi othandiza kwambiri popewa matenda a mtima mwa amayi kusiyana ndi kuchepetsa kudya kwamafuta ambiri.Onani mkangano wamafuta odzaza ndi matenda amtima.
Mafuta a masamba amatha kukhala ndi chilichonse pakati pa 7% ndi 86% yamafuta acids.Mafuta amadzimadzi (mafuta a canola, mafuta a mpendadzuwa) amakhala otsika, pomwe mafuta otentha (mafuta a kokonati, mafuta a kanjedza) ndi mafuta olimba (hydrogenated) ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa sikelo.Kusakaniza kwa margarine ndi kusakaniza kwa mitundu yonse ya zigawo ziwiri.Nthawi zambiri, ma margarine olimba amakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo.
Margarine wamba wofewa wokhala ndi 10% mpaka 20% wamafuta odzaza.Mafuta a butterfat okhazikika amakhala ndi 52 mpaka 65% mafuta odzaza.
Mafuta osatha.
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa unsaturated mafuta acids kwapezeka kuti kumachepetsa milingo ya LDL cholesterol ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol ya HDL m'magazi, motero kumachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda amtima.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mafuta osatulutsidwa: mafuta a mono- ndi polyunsaturated onse omwe amadziwika kuti ndi opindulitsa pa thanzi kusiyana ndi mafuta odzaza.Mafuta ena amasamba omwe amalimidwa kwambiri, monga rapeseed (ndi canola), mpendadzuwa, safflower, ndi mafuta a azitona ali ndi mafuta ambiri osatha.Pakupanga margarine, mafuta ena osatha amatha kusinthidwa kukhala mafuta a hydrogenated kapena trans mafuta kuti awapatse malo osungunuka kwambiri kuti akhale olimba kutentha.
Omega-3 fatty acids ndi banja la polyunsaturated mafuta acids, omwe apezeka kuti ndi abwino kwambiri pa thanzi.Awa ndi amodzi mwa ma Essential fatty acids awiri, otchedwa chifukwa anthu sangathe kupanga ndipo ayenera kuwapeza kuchokera ku chakudya.Omega-3 fatty acids nthawi zambiri amachokera ku nsomba zamafuta zomwe zimagwidwa m'madzi akutali.Sizofala kwambiri m'zamasamba, kuphatikizapo margarine.
Komabe, mtundu umodzi wa Omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) umapezeka m’mafuta ena a masamba.Mafuta a fulakesi ali ndi -to-% ya ALA, ndipo akukhala chowonjezera chodziwika bwino chamafuta a nsomba;onse awiri nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa ku ma margarine apamwamba.Chomera chakale chamafuta, camelina sativa, chatchuka posachedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa Omega-3 (- mpaka-%), ndipo adawonjezeredwa ku margarine ena.Mafuta a hemp ali ndi pafupifupi -% ALA.Zochepa za ALA zimapezeka m'mafuta a masamba monga mafuta a soya (-%), mafuta a rapeseed (-%) ndi mafuta a tirigu (-%).
Omega-6 mafuta acids.
Mafuta a Omega-6 ndi ofunikanso pa thanzi.Amaphatikizapo mafuta ofunika kwambiri a linoleic acid (LA), omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'mafuta a masamba omwe amabzalidwa m'madera otentha.Zina, monga hemp (-%) ndi chimanga chamafuta a margarine wamba (-%), cottonseed (-%) ndi mpendadzuwa (-%), ali ndi kuchuluka, koma mbewu zambiri zamafuta oziziritsa bwino zimaposa -% LA.Margarine ali ndi omega-6 fatty acids wambiri.Zakudya zamakono zaku Western nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi Omega-6 koma zimakhala zochepa kwambiri mu Omega-3.Chiwerengero cha omega-6 mpaka omega- nthawi zambiri chimakhala - ku -.Kuchuluka kwa omega-6 kumachepetsa mphamvu ya omega-3.Choncho tikulimbikitsidwa kuti chiŵerengero cha zakudya chikhale chochepera 4: 1, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero choyenera chingakhale pafupi ndi 1: 1.
Mafuta a Tran.
Mosiyana ndi mafuta ena azakudya, ma trans fatty acids safunikira ndipo sapereka phindu lodziwika bwino ku thanzi la munthu.Pali njira yabwino yolumikizirana pakati pa ma trans mafuta acid ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol ya LDL, motero chiopsezo chotenga matenda amtima, pakukweza LDL cholesterol ndikuchepetsa HDL cholesterol.
Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kudya mafuta ochuluka kwambiri ndi matenda a mtima, ndipo mwina matenda ena, zomwe zachititsa kuti mabungwe ambiri a zaumoyo padziko lonse avomereze kuti kudya kwa trans-fats kuchepe.
Ku US, hydrogenation pang'ono yakhala yofala chifukwa chokonda mafuta opangidwa m'nyumba.Komabe, kuyambira chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ayamba kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated.Izi zinapangitsa kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya margarine yomwe ili ndi mafuta ochepa kapena opanda mafuta a Tran.
Cholesterol.
Kuchulukitsitsa kolesterol kumakhala pachiwopsezo cha thanzi chifukwa mafuta ochulukirapo amatsekereza mitsempha.Izi zipangitsa kuti magazi aziyenda ku ubongo, mtima, impso ndi ziwalo zina za thupi kuti zisamagwire bwino ntchito.Cholesterol, ngakhale imafunikira kagayidwe kachakudya, siyofunikira m'zakudya.Thupi la munthu limapanga cholesterol m'chiwindi, ndikusintha kapangidwe kake molingana ndi chakudya chake, ndikupanga pafupifupi 1 g ya cholesterol tsiku lililonse kapena 80% ya cholesterol yonse yofunikira m'thupi.20% yotsalayo imachokera ku chakudya.
Chifukwa chake kudya kwathunthu kwa cholesterol monga chakudya sikukhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi kuposa mtundu wamafuta omwe amadyedwa.Komabe, anthu ena amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi cholesterol yazakudya kuposa ena.Bungwe la US Food and Drug Administration linanena kuti anthu athanzi sayenera kudya kupitirira 300 mg wa cholesterol tsiku lililonse.
Ma margarine ambiri amakhala ndi masamba ndipo motero alibe cholesterol.100 magalamu a batala ali ndi 178 mg ya cholesterol.
Bzalani ma sterol esters ndi stanol esters
Zomera za sterol esters kapena ma stanol esters a chomera awonjezedwa ku margarine ena ndikufalikira chifukwa chotsitsa cholesterol.Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti kumwa pafupifupi magalamu a 2 patsiku kumachepetsa LDL cholesterol pafupifupi 10%.
Kuvomereza msika
Margarine, makamaka margarine wopangidwa ndi polyunsaturated, wakhala mbali yaikulu ya zakudya za azungu ndipo wakhala akutchuka kwambiri chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1900, mwachitsanzo, ku United States, m’chaka cha 1930, anthu ambiri ankadya makilogalamu 8.2 a nyamayi. batala pachaka ndi majarini opitirira pang'ono makilogalamu 0.91.Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, munthu wamba wa ku America anadya mafuta okwana ma 5 lb (2.3 kg) ndi pafupifupi ma 8 lb (3.6 kg) a margarine.
Margarine ali ndi mtengo wapadera wamsika kwa iwo omwe amasunga malamulo achiyuda a Kashrut.Kashrut amaletsa kusakaniza nyama ndi mkaka;chifukwa chake pali ma margarine osakhala a mkaka a Kosher omwe amapezeka.Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogula a Kosher kusintha maphikidwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi batala kapena muzophika zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chakudya cha nyama.Kuchepa kwa margarine wa Paskha wa 2008 ku America kudadzetsa chisokonezo pakati pa anthu omvera a Kosher.
Margarine omwe alibe mkaka angaperekenso cholowa m'malo mwa batala.
Mafuta a masamba a haidrojeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu margarine wofewa.
Mafuta a masamba a haidrojeni amalepheretsa margarine kusungunuka ndikulekanitsa kutentha.
Margarine ambiri amapangidwa popanga emulsion ya mkaka wosakanizidwa ndi mafuta a masamba.Margarine woyamba anali wopangidwa ndi mafuta ambiri a ng'ombe.Ine, mwa ine, ndine wokondwa kuti iwo anasintha Chinsinsi.Mutha kupeza zambiri pa:
Margarine amapangidwa ndi mafuta a masamba omwe amachokera kumafuta ambewu ndi mkaka wosakanizidwa.Mafuta a masambawa ndi monga chimanga, thonje, soya, ndi mbewu za safflower.Kuti mupange margarine kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba, yambani ndi kuchotsa mafuta kuchokera ku mbewu monga: chimanga, canola kapena safflower.Mafuta amatenthedwa kuti awononge antioxidants ndi mavitamini.
Kuti mupange margarine kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba, yambani ndi kuchotsa mafuta kuchokera ku mbewu monga: chimanga, canola kapena safflower.Mafuta amatenthedwa kuti awononge antioxidants ndi mavitamini.Kenako, mafutawo amawasakaniza ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri chotchedwa faifi, chomwe chimakhala ngati chothandizira.Inu ndiye kuika mafuta mu riyakitala, pansi kutentha kwambiri ndi kukakamizidwa mwa njira yotchedwa emulsification hydrogenation.Emulsifiers amawonjezeredwa ku mafuta kuti achotse zotupazo ndipo mafutawo amatenthedwanso.Bleaching imapangidwa kuti ipeze mtundu wa imvi ndikuwonjezera mavitamini opangira ndi mitundu yopangira.
Mafuta a masamba amapangidwa mwina ozizira monga azitona ndi sesame, ndipo amayengedwanso.Mafuta oyeretsedwa amaphatikizapo safflower kapena canola.
Pali mafuta osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera chakudya ndi maphikidwe.Mafuta a masamba amagawidwa m'magulu awo, komanso kutentha kwake.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za fomula kapena momwe mungapangire nzimbe zolumikizana ndi Margarine/Butter ndi akaunti ya kampani yathu.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-17-2021