Margarine:ndi akufalitsaamagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa, kuphika, ndi kuphika.Adapangidwa poyambirira ngati cholowa m'malomafutamu 1869 ku France ndi Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarineamapangidwa makamaka ndi hydrogenated kapena woyengedwa zomera mafuta ndi madzi.
Pamenemafutaamapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a mkaka,margarineamapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a zomera ndipo angakhalenso ndi mkaka.M'madera ena amatchedwa "oleo", mwachidule oleomargarine.
Margarine, mongamafuta, imakhala ndi emulsion yamadzi-mu-mafuta, ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono amadzi omwe amamwazikana mofanana mu gawo lamafuta lomwe liri mu mawonekedwe okhazikika a crystalline.Margarine imakhala ndi mafuta ochepera 80%, ofanana ndi batala, koma mosiyana ndi batala wochepetsedwa-mafuta amtundu wa margarine amathanso kulembedwa kuti margarine.Margarine angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofalitsa komanso kuphika ndi kuphika.Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chophatikizira muzakudya zina, monga makeke ndi makeke, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake osiyanasiyana.
Njira yoyambira yakupanga margarinelero zimakhala ndi emulsifying osakaniza wa hydrogenated masamba mafuta ndi skimmed mkaka, kuziziritsa osakaniza alimbike ndi ntchito kuti kusintha kapangidwe.Mafuta a masamba ndi nyama amaphatikizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosungunuka.Mafuta omwe ali amadzimadzi otentha nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti mafuta.Zomwe zimasungunuka zimagwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa carbon-carbon double bonds mu zigawo za mafuta acids.Kuchuluka kwa ma bond awiri kumapereka malo otsika osungunuka.
Kuthira pang'ono kwa hydrogenation wamafuta am'mera kukhala gawo la margarine.Zambiri za C = C zomangira ziwiri zimachotsedwa panthawiyi, zomwe zimakweza malo osungunuka a mankhwala.
Nthawi zambiri, mafuta achilengedwe amapangidwa ndi hydrogenated podutsa haidrojeni mumafuta pamaso pa chothandizira cha nickel, pansi pamikhalidwe yoyendetsedwa.Kuwonjezera kwa haidrojeni ku zomangira zopanda unsaturated (alkenes double C = C zomangira) kumabweretsa zomangira za CC zodzaza, zomwe zimawonjezera kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndipo motero "kuumitsa".Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za van der Waals pakati pa mamolekyu odzaza poyerekeza ndi ma molekyulu osaturated.Komabe, monga pali ubwino wathanzi pa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta odzaza mu zakudya zaumunthu, ndondomekoyi imayendetsedwa kotero kuti zomangira zokhazokha zimakhala ndi hydrogenated kuti zipereke mawonekedwe ofunikira.
Ma margarine opangidwa motere amati ali ndi mafuta a hydrogenated.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano popanga ma margarine ngakhale njirayo idapangidwa ndipo nthawi zina zopangira zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga palladium.Ngati hydrogenation ili yosakwanira (kuuma pang'ono), kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira ya hydrogenation kumakonda kutembenuza zina za carbon-carbon double bonds kukhala "trans" mawonekedwe.Ngati zomangira izi sizikhala ndi hydrogenated panthawiyi, zidzakhalabebe mu margarine womaliza m'mamolekyu amafuta a trans, omwe amamwa omwe awonetsedwa kuti ndi pachiwopsezo cha matenda amtima.Pachifukwa ichi, mafuta olimba pang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono m'makampani a margarine.Mafuta ena otentha, monga mafuta a kanjedza ndi mafuta a kokonati, mwachibadwa amakhala olimba ndipo safuna hydrogenation.
Margarine wamakono angapangidwe kuchokera ku mafuta aliwonse amitundumitundu kapena amasamba, osakaniza ndi mkaka wosakanizidwa, mchere, ndi zokometsera zokometsera.Margarine ndi masamba mafutakufalikirazomwe zimapezeka pamsika zimatha kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 90% mafuta.Malingana ndi mafuta ake omaliza ndi cholinga chake (kufalitsa, kuphika kapena kuphika), mlingo wa madzi ndi mafuta a masamba ogwiritsidwa ntchito udzasiyana pang'ono.Mafuta amapanikizidwa kuchokera ku mbewu ndikuyengedwa.Kenako amasakanizidwa ndi mafuta olimba.Ngati palibe mafuta olimba omwe amawonjezedwa ku mafuta a masamba, otsirizirawo amakumana ndi ndondomeko ya hydrogenation yokwanira kapena yochepa kuti ikhale yolimba.
Zotsatira zake zimasakanizidwa ndi madzi, citric acid, carotenoids, mavitamini ndi ufa wa mkaka.Ma emulsifiers monga lecithin amathandizira kufalitsa gawo lamadzi mofanana mumafuta onse, ndipo mchere ndi zoteteza zimawonjezeredwanso.Mafuta ndi madzi emulsion ndiye amatenthedwa, kusakanikirana, ndi kuzizira.Ma margarine ocheperako amapangidwa ndi mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated, amadzimadzi ochulukirapo kuposa margarine.
Mitundu itatu ya margarine ndiyofala:
Mafuta a masamba ofewakufalikira, mafuta ochuluka a mono- kapena polyunsaturated, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku safflower, mpendadzuwa, soya, nyemba za thonje, rapeseed, kapena mafuta a azitona.
Margarine mu botolo kuphika kapena pamwamba mbale
Margarine yolimba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda utoto yophikira kapena kuphika.
Kusakaniza ndi batala.
Ma tebulo ambiri otchuka omwe amagulitsidwa masiku ano ndi osakaniza margarine ndi batala kapena zinthu zina zamkaka.Kusakaniza, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kukoma kwa margarine, kunali kosaloledwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'maiko monga United States ndi Australia.Pansi pa malangizo a European Union, margarine sangathe kutchedwa "mafuta", ngakhale ambiri a iwo ali ndi batala wachilengedwe.M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, ma tebulo opangidwa ndi batala ndi mafuta a margarine amagulitsidwa ngati "osakaniza batala".
Zosakaniza zamafuta tsopano zimapanga gawo lalikulu pamsika wofalikira.Chizindikiro "Sindingakhulupirire Kuti Si Mafuta!"inabala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofananira yofanana yomwe tsopano ingapezeke pamashelefu amasitolo akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mayina monga "Kukongola Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", ndi "Butter Believe It".Zosakaniza za batalazi zimapewa zoletsa zolembera, ndi njira zamalonda zomwe zimatanthauza kufanana kwakukulu ndi batala weniweni.Mayina ogulitsidwa ngati amenewa amapereka malonda kwa ogula mosiyana ndi zolemba zomwe zimatchedwa margarine "mafuta a masamba a hydrogenated".
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-04-2021